Introduction

Have you ever wondered how your GPS navigation system in your car or on your works?

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Well, GPS antennas play a crucial role in making that happen.

These antennas are devices that receive signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and use that information to determine the user's location. Their history can be traced back to the s when they were developed by the United States Department of Defense for military use.

However, they have since become widely used in civilian applications such as personal navigation devices, transportation, agriculture, and surveying.

This post covers all you need to know about the GPS antenna, the various models and their features. It also includes a comparison of these features as well as their prices.

To start with, how do they work?

How GPS Antennas Work?

These antennas receive signals sent by GPS satellites orbiting around the Earth. These signals carry important data about the satellite's location, time, and speed.

The GPS antenna then uses this information to figure out where the user is located on the Earth's surface. The accuracy of the GPS antenna depends on several factors such as how many satellites are in view, how strong the signal is, and the quality of the GPS antenna.

They can be used for several purposes, from personal navigation devices to transportation, and surveying.

For instance, transportation companies use GPS antennas to track their vehicles' locations, monitor driver behavior, and optimize routes to improve efficiency. Farmers use GPS antennas to map their fields, track crop growth, and optimize irrigation and fertilizer application.

Surveyors also use GPS antennas to determine the precise location of boundaries, buildings, and other structures. (An Investigation of the Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) Technology and Its Augmentations within State and Local Transportation Departments)

Benefits of GPS Antennas for Users

GPS antennas come with a lot of benefits. Here are some major benefits it offers users:

• Increased safety: GPS antennas help users navigate unfamiliar roads, avoid traffic congestion, and find the quickest route to their destination. They also assist transportation companies in monitoring their vehicles, which can improve driver safety and reduce accidents.

• Improved efficiency: Farmers can use GPS antennas to optimize their irrigation and fertilizer application, resulting in reduced costs and increased crop yields. Transportation companies can also optimize their routes, resulting in reduced fuel consumption and improved delivery times.

• Large Transits are able to meticulously track buses and trains reducing fuel costs, and improving passenger safety by monitoring driver behavior. 

• Businesses are able to maintain their fleet of vehicles minimizing downtime and lost revenues. 

Overall, they are useful tools for anyone who needs to know their location or track the location of assets.

Popular Models of GPS Antennas

GPS antennas come in various types and models that can cater to different industries and applications. Here are some popular models of GPS antennas:

A. Direct Mount GPS Antennas:

These antennas are designed to be directly mounted on surfaces, such as car roofs or metal plates. They are perfect for anyone that needs a low-profile antenna with minimal wind resistance.

Direct mount GPS antennas are easy to install, making them a popular choice for many people. One example of a direct mount GPS antenna is the Pulse GPS antenna GPSDMW700/SSS.

Direct mount pulse GPS antenna source: Element14

B. NMO Mount GPS Antennas:

NMO mount GPS antennas are designed to be used with NMO antenna mounts, which are commonly found in vehicles. They have a sleek design and can be easily installed or removed.

NMO mount GPS antennas are commonly used in the transportation industry. One example of an NMO mount GPS antenna is the Pulse gps  antenna GPSNMO01.

NMO mount GPS antennas Source: Tallley

C. Pole Mount GPS Antennas:

Pole mount GPS antennas are designed to be mounted on a pole or mast. These antennas are ideal for applications where the antenna needs to be mounted high above the ground for better reception.

Pole mount GPS antennas are commonly used in the agricultural industry and for military applications. One example of a pole mount GPS antenna is the Pulse gps antenna GPS antenna.

Pole mount GPS antennas Source: Talley

GPS antennas are available in different colors and brands. The most common colors are black and white, but there are other colors available as well. Some popular brands of GPS antennas include Pulse gps antenna, Laird GPS antenna, and PCTEL gps antenna.

When choosing a GPS antenna, it is important to consider your specific needs, such as frequency range, gain, and polarization. It's also essential to choose a reputable brand and ensure that the antenna is compatible with the receiver you're using.

Differences Between GPS Antenna Features

There are several GPS antennas with varying features, and in this section, we will explore some of the key differences between them.

Frequency range:

GPS antennas operate at a frequency range of .42 MHz, which is in the GPS L1 band. However, some GPS antennas may also support other frequency bands, such as the L2 and L5 bands.

Polarization:

GPS antennas can have either circular or linear polarization. Circular polarization is further divided into right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP). The choice of polarization depends on the orientation of the GPS satellite signals, and users must select an antenna that matches the polarization of the signal.

Gain:

Gain is a measure of the amplification provided by the antenna. GPS antennas typically have a gain between 20 dB and 40 dB. A higher gain antenna provides better signal reception in areas with poor signal strength.

Beamwidth:

Beamwidth refers to the angle at which the antenna can receive signals. A narrower beam width indicates that the antenna is more directional, while a wider beam width indicates that the antenna can receive signals from a broader angle.

Noise figure:

Noise figure is a measure of the noise that is added to the received signal by the antenna. A lower noise figure indicates that the antenna adds less noise to the signal, resulting in a better signal-to-noise ratio.

Impedance:

Impedance is the resistance of the antenna to the flow of electrical current. GPS antennas typically have an impedance of 50 Ohm, which is the standard impedance used in most RF systems.

 

Mounting style:

GPS antennas can be mounted in different ways, such as directly on a surface or via a magnetic or screw mount. The choice of mounting style depends on the intended use of the antenna.

 

Features

3-5V GPS Antenna

GNSS1-TMG-40N Global GNSS

GNSSDM700/SSS

ROOF-FT-NITI

Brand

Laird GPS Antenna

 PCTEL GPS Antenna

Pulse GPS Antenna

 

 

Stico GPS Antenna

Frequency range

.42 MHz

- MHz

698- MHZ

136 MHz - 1 GHz

Polarization

RHCP

RHCP

RHCP

RHCP

Gain

27 dB

38 dB

30dB

Unity

Noise figure

 2 dB

&#; 2.5 dB

<2.4 dB

3dB

Impedance

50 ohms

50 ohms

50 ohms

50 ohms

Mounting style

mide are exported all over the world and different industries with quality first. Our belief is to provide our customers with more and better high value-added products. Let's create a better future together.

Order Motorola style mount separately

Does not include mounting hardware

Vehicular mounting

Roof NMO Mount

 

Recommended Industries for Each Type of GPS Antenna

Different types of GPS antennas are suitable for different industries and applications. Here are some of the recommended industries for each type of GPS antenna:

Agriculture:

Agricultural applications typically require GPS antennas that can be mounted high above the ground for better reception. Pole mount GPS antennas are ideal for this purpose. They provide high gain and wide coverage, which is essential for precision agriculture applications such as crop monitoring and mapping.

Construction:

Construction sites require GPS antennas that are durable and can withstand harsh environmental conditions. Direct mount GPS antennas are a great choice for construction applications as they are low profile and can be easily mounted on machinery or vehicles. They provide accurate positioning data, which is crucial for tasks such as surveying and site planning.

Emergency Services:

Emergency services such as police and fire departments require GPS antennas that can provide accurate location data in real-time. NMO mount GPS antennas are commonly used in emergency service vehicles. They are compact and provide high accuracy, which is essential for efficient emergency response.

Transportation:

The transportation industry relies heavily on GPS technology for navigation and fleet management. NMO mount GPS antennas are commonly used in transportation vehicles as they are easy to install and can be mounted on the roof of the vehicle. They provide accurate positioning data, which is essential for efficient route planning and asset tracking.

Military:

Military applications require GPS antennas that are rugged and can withstand harsh environmental conditions. Pole mount GPS antennas are ideal for military applications as they provide high gain and wide coverage, which is essential for battlefield communication and surveillance.

Keep in mind that these industry recommendations aren't absolute, and the type of GPS antenna you need may vary depending on your specific application.

To ensure you choose the most suitable GPS antenna for your needs, it's always best to seek advice from a professional. They can help you determine the optimal GPS antenna based on your requirements and help you avoid costly mistakes.

Installation Process

Installing GPS antennas can be a bit tricky, but with the right equipment and expertise, it's definitely doable. Here are some things to keep in mind when installing GPS antennas:

How Long Does it Take to Install GPS Antennas

Installing GPS antennas can be a bit of a mixed bag in terms of how long it takes. It really depends on the type of antenna and where you're installing it. For example, if you're dealing with a patch antenna, installation can be pretty quick and easy, taking just a few minutes. But if you're dealing with a pole mount antenna, you might need to put in a bit more time and effort. Overall, installation can take anywhere from a few hours to a whole day, depending on how complex things get.

Cost of installation

So, if you're thinking about getting a GPS antenna installed, you might be wondering how much it'll cost you.

When it comes to the cost there are a lot of factors that can come into play. Things like the type of antenna, where you're installing it, and how complicated the installation is can all affect the final cost.

Generally, you're looking at a few hundred to several thousand dollars for installation. That includes everything from the equipment and labor to any permits or inspections needed to get the job done right.

Well, according to a report by HomeAdvisor, the average cost for installation across the country is around $550, with the typical range falling between $300 to $900. It's important to remember, though, that this is just a general estimate and the actual cost can depend on the specific needs of your installation.

Bottom Line

In conclusion, GPS antennas are a valuable tool for obtaining accurate location and positioning information. When choosing a GPS antenna, it's important to consider the specific needs of your industry and application, as well as the features and capabilities of different antenna types.

By working with an experienced GPS antenna provider, you can ensure that you have the right equipment and expertise for a successful installation. So don't hesitate, start exploring the benefits of GPS antennas for your business today!

Frequently Asked Questions

Q 1. Can I install a GPS antenna myself, or do I need to hire a professional?

While some GPS antennas are relatively easy to install, others may require a professional installation to ensure proper placement and functionality. It's important to consider your level of expertise and experience before attempting a DIY installation.

Q 2. Can GPS antennas be used in both indoor and outdoor applications?

Yes, GPS antennas can be used in both indoor and outdoor applications, but the specific antenna you choose may depend on your location and application requirements. Some antennas are better suited for indoor use, while others are designed for outdoor use in harsh weather conditions.

Q 3. How can I ensure the GPS antenna is properly installed and operating correctly?

It is important to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations for installation and operation of the GPS antenna. Additionally, working with an experienced GPS antenna provider can ensure that the antenna is installed correctly and operating at optimal performance. Regular testing and maintenance can also help ensure that the GPS antenna is operating correctly.

Q 4. What kind of maintenance is required for GPS antennas?

GPS antennas typically require minimal maintenance. However, it is recommended to periodically inspect the antenna and its components to ensure that they are in good condition and functioning properly.

This includes checking the cables and connectors for any signs of damage or wear, and cleaning the antenna to remove any dirt or debris that could affect its performance.

 

 

References:

&#;Laird Technologies - 3-5V Micro GPS Antenna with SMA Connector Installed - Black : Amazon.ca: Electronics.&#; Www.amazon.ca, www.amazon.ca/Laird-Technologies-Antenna-Connector-Installed/dp/BG5S. Accessed 11 Mar. .

&#;About Pulse Products.&#; Pulse Electronics, , productfinder.pulseeng.com/productList/WIRELESS%20INFRASTRUCT/ANTENNAS-GPS. Accessed 11 Mar. .

An Investigation of the Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) Technology and Its Augmentations within State and Local Transportation Departments. .

&#;GPS.gov: Frequently Asked Questions.&#; Www.gps.gov, www.gps.gov/support/faq/.

&#;Surface Transportation and Global Positioning System Improvements: L5 and DGPS | FHWA.&#; Highways.dot.gov, highways.dot.gov/public-roads/janfeb-/surface-transportation-and-global-positioning-system-improvements-l5-and. Accessed 11 Mar. .

&#;How Much Does It Cost to Install Embedded GPS Systems in a Car?&#; Quora, www.quora.com/How-much-does-it-cost-to-install-embedded-GPS-systems-in-a-car. Accessed 11 Mar. .

&#;Techopedia: Educating IT Professionals to Make Smarter Decisions.&#; Www.techopedia.com, www.techopedia.com/search?q=GPS+Antenna§ion=all#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=GPS%20Antenna&gsc.page=1. Accessed 11 Mar. .

"/gps-monitoring-keeps-buses-on-track" https://www.masstransitmag.com/home/article//gps-monitoring-keeps-buses-on-track

"lirr-riders-can-beta-test-lirr-realtime-train-finder"https://www.masstransitmag.com/technology/passenger-info/article//lirr-riders-can-beta-test-lirr-realtime-train-finder

"how-you-can-drive-revenue-for-your-business-with-gps-tracking/" https://www.gpsinsight.com/gps-tracking-benefits/how-you-can-drive-revenue-for-your-business-with-gps-tracking/

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites that continuously orbit the earth. Each GPS satellite has on board several atomic clocks that are precisely synchronized to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) provided by the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO). Coded signals are broadcast by each of the satellites with the exact time and position of the satellite. All GPS receivers use an antenna to receive these signals. By using a GPS receiver optimized for time and not position, it is possible to get extremely precise time synchronization with the satellite&#;s atomic clocks.

The signals from the GPS satellites operate in the &#;semi-visible&#; spectrum of the L1 band (.42 MHz) with a minimum signal level of -162.0 dBW. With this very low signal strength, the GPS antenna must be able to &#;see&#; the sky to acquire the signals. Practically speaking, the antenna must have a clear view of the sky and thus be mounted on a roof, or in some cases in a window. The antennas are relatively small (coffee cup size or smaller) and are typically connected to the GPS receiver via coaxial cable.

Since the GPS signal is very weak, the antenna usually amplifies the signal to drive it through the cable to the receiver. Antenna cables, however, offer some resistance, and the GPS signal strength will attenuate as it travels down the cable. GPS receiver sensitivity is finite, so if the cable length is too long, the signal will be too weak for the receiver to detect it. Consequently, it is very important to know the distance in advance between the antenna and the receiver so that the proper cable solution can be installed.

Masterclock GPS Antenna and Cable Options

GPS Antenna Placement & Mounting

There are two basic antenna types used with GPS timing receivers: roof mounted and window mounted. The roof mounted antenna is required for more accurate GPS clocks since at least three satellites are required to be in view at all times to maintain timing accuracy (typically nanoseconds to UTC). The window mounted antenna is applicable for network time servers, which operate with a lesser degree of accuracy (typically microseconds or, in some cases, low milliseconds to UTC) and can function with as few as one intermittent satellite in view.

The roof mounted antenna is always preferable, as it&#;by nature of its location&#;has the best view of the sky. A variation on the roof antenna is the GPS down/up converter used for very long cable runs. This is a special GPS antenna that receives the GPS signal and down converts it to a lower frequency that is then sent down the cable. Next to the GPS receiver is an up converter that converts the signal back to the original frequency and delivers it to the GPS receiver. This process is transparent to the GPS receiver.

Roof Antenna Placement

When selecting a site for the roof antenna, find an outdoor location that provides full 360-degree visibility of the horizon. In most cases, this means locating the antenna as high as possible, such as on the roof. Any obstructions may degrade unit performance by blocking the satellite signals. Blocked signals can increase the time for satellite acquisition, or prevent acquisition altogether.

A short mounting mast and hose clamps are provided with the roof antenna to mount the antenna to a pole or the peak of a building. The antenna mounting mast and clamps are well suited to attach the antenna to a vent pipe or mast affixed to the roof. The pipe must be rigid and able to withstand high winds without flexing.

Typical Roof Antenna Mounting

GPS receivers can be susceptible to reflected GPS signals called multipath. Multipath interference is caused by reflected signals that arrive at the antenna out of phase with the direct signal. This interference is most pronounced at low elevation angles from 10 to 20 degrees above the horizon. The height of the mast/antenna may be extended upward to prevent multipath interference. The antenna should also be at least three to six feet (1-2 m) from a reflecting surface.

Window Antenna Placement

The window mount antenna is suitable for use only with network time server products equipped with appropriate versions of firmware. For window mounted antenna installations, it is best to use a window with the best view of the sky. For windows with equivalent views, orientations that face the equator are preferred. Generally, more satellites will be in view toward the equator than away from it; east- or west-facing windows will also work. Polar-facing windows will also work but in general are not preferred. Windows that have the best view of the sky are always preferred, regardless of orientation.

Attach the antenna above the window sill rather than at the top of the window. This will improve the upward visibility from the antenna to the sky. Note that some window glazing treatments may reduce or block the GPS signals, preventing the time server from acquiring the time.

Indoor Mounting Can Be Problematic

Obstructions may block signal reception if your GPS antenna is not properly located. Try to find an unobstructed view of the sky. In some cases, this can be accomplished by placing the included basic antenna adjacent to a window. However, in most cases, good reception will require mounting a standard antenna outside of the building, perhaps on a roof. It is possible that the system will operate indoors and under certain obstructions, but this can only be determined by trial and error, ultimately leading to a successful installation.

GPS AntennaCable Configurations/options

Antenna cabling solutions typically vary depending on how far the antenna is installed from the GPS receiver. 150 feet (45 m) is the unaided cable length limit for many GPS timing receivers. Adding a GPS inline amplifier extends the cable length an additional 150 feet (45 m). Beyond 300 feet (90 m), alternative methods may be used. Figure 3 highlights the cable lengths and the antenna solutions that enable them.

Cable Delay

GPS position as well as precise UTC time is determined at the point the GPS signals are received at the antenna. Since the antenna is typically attached to the GPS timing receiver via a cable, signal propagation delays through the cable cause the time calculated by the receiver to be slightly behind UTC. In GPS clocks with nanosecond and microsecond accuracy, this is a critical factor. In products such as network time servers, cable delay is not important because time transfer over IP networks degrades the time to the millisecond level.

Cable delay is a function of the cable type. RG-59 cable, for example, typically delays the signal 1.24 ns/ft. For 50 feet of cable (15 m), the delay would be 62 nanoseconds. Cable delay is removed by advancing the antenna signal inside the GPS receiver. In this example, advancing the signal +62 nanoseconds removes all cable latency. Solutions such as the GPS down/up converter also introduce signal latency, but this latency can also be removed by adjusting the signal. All precision GPS timing receivers with nanosecond or microsecond timing accuracy have the ability to compensate for cable delay.

Lightning Arrestor

In-line lightning arrestors are mounted on a low impedance ground between the antenna and the point where the cable enters the building. They require no additional power or wiring except the ground lead.

In-line Amplifier

In-line amplifiers overcome signal attenuation by amplifying the GPS signal, adding an additional 150 feet (45 m) in cable length. The inline amplifier attaches directly in line with the antenna cable and uses the same power as the antenna; no extra wiring is required.

GPS Down/Up Converter

The GPS down/up converter makes cable runs of 250 to feet (75 m to 457 m) possible. GPS signal down conversion requires a special GPS antenna and corresponding signal up-converter. The antenna module converts the signal down to a lower frequency that is less susceptible to attenuation and transmits it the length of the cable to the up-converter. The up-converter restores the signal to the normal GPS signal frequency for the receiver. The down/up conversion process is transparent to the GPS receiver. As with any precision GPS timing receiver, only cable delay and down conversion delays need to be entered into the receiver. Power is supplied by the GPS receiver. In the case of bus-level GPS receivers, an external power supply is used. It is important to note that the cable used in GPS down/up conversion is different than the standard cable.

Fiber Optic Links

Fiber-optic connections function as a transparent link between the antenna and GPS receiver equipment. These links eliminate the limitations of copper systems by enabling longer transmission distances while retaining the highest level of signal quality. In addition, fiber optics provide several other significant network advantages, including simplified network design, ease of installation, and immunity from EMI/RFI and lightning.

Advanced Planning

It is time well spent to estimate in advance the cable length from the GPS antenna to the receiver for any planned installation. Cable lengths that are too short or too long can each introduce problems. In some cases, adding an inline amplifier and some extra cable may be a quick and economical solution. In other instances, retrofitting for a GPS down/up converter may be necessary, which will require installing a different cable type.

Keep in mind that some extra cable coiled in a ceiling leftover from overestimating the cable length is not necessarily negative. Provided you know the length of the total cable, the cable delay can be accounted for and the timing accuracy maintained.

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Presentation by John Clark, CEO & Dr. Demetrios Matsakis, Chief ScientistTime Behind and Beyond the Clock

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