Niobium carbide

Chemical compound

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Niobium carbide (NbC and Nb2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering and is a frequent additive as grain growth inhibitor in cemented carbides. It has the appearance of a brown-gray metallic powder with purple lustre. It is highly corrosion resistant.

Synthesis

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Niobium carbide can be produced by the heating of niobium oxide in a vacuum at 1800 °C and adding coke.

Properties and uses

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Niobium carbide has a Young's modulus of approximately 452 GPa, and a shear modulus of 182 GPa.[1] It has a Poisson's ratio of 0.227.[1]

Niobium carbide is a frequent intentional product in microalloyed steels due to its extremely low solubility product in austenite, the lowest of all the refractory metal carbides. This means that micrometre-sized precipitates of NbC are virtually insoluble in steels at all processing temperatures and their location at grain boundaries helps prevent excessive grain growth in these steels. This is of enormous benefit, and the cornerstone of microalloyed steels, because it is their uniform, very fine grain size that ensures both toughness and strength. The only commonly occurring compound with a lower solubility and hence, greater potential for restricting the grain growth of steels is titanium nitride.

Depending on grain size, niobium carbide may burn at 200-800 °C in air. A layer of niobium carbide can be created by chemical vapor deposition. Zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings in nuclear reactors.

Natural occurrence

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Niobocarbide - the naturally occurring form of niobium carbide - shall be regarded as an extremely rare mineral.[2]

References

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1. a bBrenton, R.F; Saunders, C.R; Kempter, C.P (1969). "Elastic properties and thermal expansion of niobium mono-carbide to high temperatures". Journal of the Less Common Metals. 19 (3): 273–278. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90103-9.

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   Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-7196.html

Niobium carbide powder

Niobium carbide (NbC) is a binary compound composed of niobium and carbon. It is known for its high melting point, hardness, and chemical inertness. Due to these properties, niobium carbide powder finds various applications in different fields. Some of its key applications include:

Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): Niobium carbide powder can be used in the additive manufacturing process, especially for producing components that require high strength and wear resistance, such as cutting tools, turbine blades, and other high-performance parts.

Reinforcement in Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Niobium carbide powder is often utilized as a reinforcing material in metal matrix composites due to its high hardness and thermal stability. These composites are used in aerospace, automotive, and other industries where lightweight materials with superior mechanical properties are required.

Coatings and Surface Treatments: Niobium carbide powder can be used to produce wear-resistant coatings on metal surfaces, providing protection against abrasion, erosion, and corrosion. These coatings find applications in the aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing industries.

Cutting Tools and Abrasive Materials: Niobium carbide-based materials are used in the production of cutting tools and abrasives, as they exhibit high hardness and wear resistance. They are commonly used in machining applications where high temperatures and abrasive conditions are encountered.

High-Temperature Applications: NbC powder is used in the development of materials for high-temperature applications, such as in the aerospace and energy industries. It can be incorporated into materials for use in high-temperature coatings, crucibles, and refractory parts.

Electronics and Semiconductors: NbC can be employed in electronic components and semiconductor applications due to its high electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and resistance to chemical corrosion.

Catalysts: NbC powder can be used as a catalyst in various chemical processes, including hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, due to its high surface area and thermal stability.

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