Sigma Mixer &#; Design, Construction, Operation, Applications

The sigma mixer is one of the most popular used for mixing and kneading high viscosity materials. It belongs to the family of double arm kneader mixers.

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Double Arm Kneader Mixers

All double arm kneader mixers are equipped with two mixing blades placed in a W-shaped horizontal trough. Various blade profiles have evolved, each of which is best suited for a particular type of application. The commonly used blade types are the sigma blade, masticator blade, shredder blade, naben (aka fishtail) blade, and spiral blade. The rotation of the blades is either tangential to each other or the blades may overlap within the trough. The blades rotate toward each other at the same or differential speeds. The blades pass the container walls and each other at close clearances (2-3 mm) resulting in homogeneous mixing. The close clearances produce very high shearing action thereby reducing any large particles. These mixers produce a consistent particle size distribution without the need for additional high speed choppers. Homogeneous mixing is achieved within 10 to 30 minutes. Mixing homogeneity up to 99% and better can be achieved using the double arm kneader mixers. These mixers and their variants (double arm kneader mixer extruders) are capable of handling material with viscosity as high as 10 million centipoises. The power consumption in double arm kneader mixer is very high compared to other types of mixers and can range from 45 to 75 kW/m3 of mix material. The sigma blade mixer is the most commonly used type of double arm kneader mixer, and is best suited for all round use.

Sigma Blade Mixer

The sigma blade profile is shown in figure 1.

In mixers handling very viscous materials, it is necessary to promote both lateral and transverse motion of the material. The geometry and profile of the sigma blade is designed such that the viscous mass of material is pulled, sheared, compressed, kneaded, and folded by the action of the blades against the walls of the mixer trough. The extent to which this happens depends on the action of the blades &#; tangential or overlapping and the ratio of the speed of rotation of the blades.The helix angle of the blade can be modified depending on the required shearing.
Tangential and Overlapping Blade Action

Figure 2 &#; Tangential Blades

In the tangential design, the blades rotate in the trough meeting tangentially as shown in figure 2. The front blade generally rotates faster than the rear blade usually in the ratio of 3:2. Tangential blades are generally used for material of higher viscosity such as adhesives, rubber compounds, flush colors, dyes, and pigments.

All double arm kneader mixers are equipped with two mixing blades placed in a W-shaped horizontal trough. Various blade profiles have evolved, each of which is best suited for a particular type of application. The commonly used blade types are the sigma blade, masticator blade, shredder blade, naben (aka fishtail) blade, and spiral blade. The rotation of the blades is either tangential to each other or the blades may overlap within the trough. The blades rotate toward each other at the same or differential speeds. The blades pass the container walls and each other at close clearances (2-3 mm) resulting in homogeneous mixing. The close clearances produce very high shearing action thereby reducing any large particles. These mixers produce a consistent particle size distribution without the need for additional high speed choppers. Homogeneous mixing is achieved within 10 to 30 minutes. Mixing homogeneity upto 99% and better can be achieved using the double arm kneader mixers. These mixers and their variants (double arm kneader mixer extruders) are capable of handling material with viscosity as high as 10 million centipoises. The power consumption in double arm kneader mixer is very high compared to other types of mixers and can range from 45 to 75 kW/m3 of mix material. The sigma blade mixer is the most commonly used type of double arm kneader mixer, and is best suited for all round use.
Sigma Blade Mixer

The sigma blade profile is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 &#; Sigma Blade

In mixers handling very viscous materials, it is necessary to promote both lateral and transverse motion of the material. The geometry and profile of the sigma blade is designed such that the viscous mass of material is pulled, sheared, compressed, kneaded, and folded by the action of the blades against the walls of the mixer trough. The extent to which this happens depends on the action of the blades &#; tangential or overlapping and the ratio of the speed of rotation of the blades.The helix angle of the blade can be modified depending on the required shearing.
Tangential and Overlapping Blade Action

Figure 2 &#; Tangential Blades

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In the tangential design, the blades rotate in the trough meeting tangentially as shown in figure 2. The front blade generally rotates faster than the rear blade usually in the ratio of 3:2. Tangential blades are generally used for material of higher viscosities such as adhesives, rubber compounds, flush colors, dyes, and pigments.

Figure 3 &#; Overlapping Blades
In the overlapping design, the blades overlap above the saddle of the container. The overlapping blade configuration is shown in figure 3. Due to the overlapping action it is necessary that the relative position of the two blades is unchanged, and as a result, both the blades rotate at the same speed. Materials that flow freely or creep down into the blades are mixed using the overlapping blade action. This design offers a faster interchange of material from one blade compartment of the mixer to the other. Overlapping blade action is used for materials of lighter viscosities such as carbon pastes, clay coating, creams, and ointments. The overlapping blade produces a lower kneading and shearing compared to the tangential blade action.

Operation of Sigma Blade Mixer

In operation, material is loaded through the top of the container to typically 40 to 65 percent of the mixer&#;s total volumetric capacity. The rotation of the blades is through heavy duty drive systems typically consisting of a motor, gearbox, couplings, and gears. The tip speed of the sigma mixer is generally limited to 60 metres per minute. Mixing may be carried out at ambient temperature or under controlled temperature conditions. The mixer troughs can be provided with jackets for circulation of hot or cold media to maintain the required temperature conditions within the mixer. The discharge of the material from the mixer container is either by tilting of the mixer container (see figure 4), bottom discharge valve (see figure 5), or through an extruder / screw located in the lower portion between the two trough compartments (see figure 6).The mixer may be equipped with any one of these discharge arrangements.

The tilting discharge arrangement is most common. The tilting arrangement of the container may be designed for manual operation or may be mechanized using motorized or hydraulic arrangement.

For materials of lower viscosity, the bottom discharge valve may be provided on the mixer trough. The design profile of the valve should be flush with the mixer trough to avoid any dead or unmixed pockets of material).

The extruder/screw discharge has an advantage that materials can be directly discharged, extruded, in the required shape or size for further processing. In addition, the screw design eliminates operator exposure to hot materials if the mixing processes are carried out at high temperatures and/or with materials that are toxic in nature.

Applications of the Sigma Mixer

The sigma mixer is the best suited mixer for pasty, sticky, and gritty slurries with high viscosity. The following are some of the commonly used products that are mixed in the sigma mixer

• Adhesives
• Biscuit dough
• Explosives
• Fiberglass resin doughs
• Food and confectionery products
• Gaskets and gland packings
• Grinding wheel preparations
• Hot-Melts
• Metal powders

• Butyl rubber
• Carbon pastes
• Ceramics
• Chemicals
• Chewing gum
• Crayon and pencil lead
• Inks and pigment products
• Marzipan
• Mastics
• Sugar pastes
• Moulding preparations

• Pencil erasers
• Pharmaceuticals
• Plastics
• Putties
• Refractories
• Sealing compounds
• Silicone rubber
• Soaps and detergents
• Solid propellants

The Z blade mixer derives its name from the shape of its mixing blades, which resemble the letter &#;Z.&#; These specially designed blades are mounted on a central shaft and positioned such that they intersect at a certain angle. This configuration allows for efficient dispersion, kneading, and mixing of materials within the mixing chamber.

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