The Excavator: Everything You Need To Know

Author: Ruby

Sep. 30, 2024

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The Excavator: Everything You Need To Know

This article was last updated on October 31,

Excavators are an essential piece of heavy equipment for most construction projects. Often referred to as diggers, excavators are used for all kinds of jobs like material handling, landscaping, demolition, mining projects, trenching, river dredging, and construction.

The Makeup Of An Excavator

The chassis of an excavator is made up of a boom, dipper, and bucket. These pieces connect to a cab that sits on a rotating house. Most excavator cabs can rotate a full 360 degrees for increased visibility. Excavators are available with either tracks or wheels depending on the manufacturer and the nature of the project.

Excavators are available in a variety of sizes and classes and can weigh up to 180,000 lbs. There are many other attachments for excavators that can take the place of the digging bucket to diversify the machine. By swapping out the bucket for an auger, drill, ripper, or rake, excavators can be used for many different jobs.

Choosing the Right Excavator for The Job

The best way to choose what excavator rental is needed for your project is to assess what exactly you need the machine to do. Identifying the right size of excavator, what attachments are needed, and how long you need the equipment will inform your decision to rent an excavator or buy one. It can be more efficient for a job to rent the right size of equipment for what is needed instead of trying to make one piece fit for a variety of jobs.

Excavators are often used for earthmoving projects or projects where lots of digging is required. That being said, the variety of attachments and excavator rental sizes available make these excavation machines useful in excavation projects of all sizes.

Typically, excavator sizes and classes are broken down into the following categories: mini, medium, large, demolition, long-reach, and wheeled. There are also specialty excavators made specifically for mining. Which size of digger you choose to buy or rent is often determined by the excavator's operating weight.

From a landscaping project to the construction of a completely new high-rise skyscraper, you can expect to see an excavator on almost any construction project, especially in the early stages. The variation in size allows them to be used in big construction projects and small backyard renovations. In addition to the different sizes of excavators, there are also several different types of excavators.

What Are The Different Types of Excavators?

The Cable vs. Hydraulic Excavator

The difference between the cable and hydraulic excavator comes from how the parts of the machine move. Cable excavators use a series of steel wires and cables to move the main parts and replaced steam shovels in the early s.

Hydraulic excavators work by allowing the operator to use levers to control the movement of the hydraulic system to push and move the cylinders that control the boom and bucket of an excavator.

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The 6 Kinds of Excavators

There are seven key types of excavators available on the market: Crawler Excavators, Dragline Excavators, Suction Excavators, Long-Reach Excavators, Mini Excavators, and Wheeled Excavators.

1. Crawler Excavators:

The most commonly recognized excavator used for mining, trench digging, and landscape grading is the crawler excavator. Crawler excavators get their name because of the way they travel on a job site with their tracks. They are incredibly powerful machines with hydraulic power. Because of the tracks, they are better suited for rough and uneven terrain.

2. Dragline Excavators:

Dragline excavators are a larger kind of excavator that uses a hoist rope and dragline system to clear dirt and soil for underwater projects, pile driving, or road excavations. Because of their weight and awkward shape, they're normally hauled in separate pieces to a job site before being assembled. These excavators are used for larger job sites and projects.

3. Suction Excavators:

Suction excavators use water jets and a high-pressure vacuum to clear dirt, soil, and debris. Operated out of a wheeled vehicle, the suction excavator is used for underground applications, debris cleanup, and other delicate excavation projects.

4. Long-Reach Excavators:

With arms that extend up to 100 feet with attachments, the excavator is good for heavy-duty digging, industrial demo projects, and reaching further than most other excavators.

5. Mini Excavator:

A compact, smaller version of a crawler excavator, mini excavators are useful in narrow job sites, job sites with obstacles, and jobs with delicate terrain like landscaping. Mini excavators have zero tail-wing capability and are ideal for small jobs. Mini excavators are also popular for home and DIY landscape projects.

When picking between renting an excavator vs a mini excavator, the size of the project and load size are usually the most important factors.

6. Wheeled Excavator:

The wheeled excavator is the same as a regular excavator but is fitted on wheels instead of tracks. Wheeled excavators are more popular in Europe and are typically used for working in urban areas since their wheels are kinder to finished roads and pavement than the traditional metal track. However, wheeled excavators are becoming more popular for their use in city projects.

Popular Attachments for Excavators

There are many different mini excavator attachments out there. Renting a specialized attachment can make your machine function more efficiently and work smoother for specific jobs. While there are 10 more popular types of excavator attachments - both for mini excavators and standard machines - you can pretty much rent the attachment that works best for the job you're doing.

The traditional excavator is fitted with a bucket that digs toward the cab and machine. However, this type of digging arm can have a thumb attachment instead which makes it easier to lift and move materials. There are also several types of buckets that can be attached to an excavator.

A rock bucket and a V bucket are two bucket types that can be attached to an excavator. A rock bucket looks similar to a digging bucket but with longer sharper teeth and a narrow V-shaped edge for cutting. The reinforced structural parts of a rock bucket give it the ability to break through hard rock while still maintaining structural integrity. The V bucket simplifies the task of digging trenches and is useful for laying utility cables and pipes.

Excavators can also be fitted with an auger attachment for digging holes, hammers for breaking up hard concrete and rock, rippers, compactors, rakes, and many other different kinds of tools. All of these attachments help to make the excavator a true multipurpose equipment type.

Manufacturers of Excavators

There are many different manufacturers to consider when looking to buy or rent an excavator. Most companies make different sizes and models of excavators to accommodate projects of all sizes and natures.

A variety of excavators are available for rent through DOZR. There are options to search for excavators ranging from 18 tons to 80 tons as well as high-reach excavators, long-reach excavators, and wheeled excavators for rent. The following is a look at some more popular brands of excavator manufacturers.

Caterpillar

Caterpillar &#; also called CAT &#; was founded in when C. L. Best Tractor Company joined with Holt Manufacturing Company &#; the same Holt family responsible for the continual-track system. Caterpillar is one of the most recognized brands of heavy equipment and machinery and is one of the largest heavy equipment manufacturing companies in the world. Caterpillar introduced a series of excavators &#; called the 200 series &#; in .

Now, caterpillar excavators feature fuel-efficient engines and the latest safety tech and are designed with productivity in mind. CAT excavators are some of the best-performing earthmoving machines on the market, making them very popular equipment rentals. Their largest excavator is the 395 - Tier 4 model weighing in at 207,300 lbs, just over 100 tons, with a dig depth of 32 feet.

Volvo

It was in Eskilstuna, Sweden when 27-year-old Johan Theofron Munktell prepared the foundations for the company Volvo Construction Equipment. Today, Volvo excavators continue to push the boundaries of earthmoving and digging equipment. In , Volvo CE announced the goal of launching a range of electric compact excavators and wheel loaders by mid-.

Volvo's line of excavators includes larger crawler excavators, medium crawler excavators, medium-wheeled excavators, and compact, or short-swing, excavators. Volvo is most well-known for its wheeled excavators. Volvo's largest excavator is the EC950F weighing in close to 210,000 lbs or 105 tons with a maximum dig depth of just under 30 feet.

Komatsu

Komatsu was established in in Japan and established in North America later on in . Their introduction to the American market for hydraulic excavators happened with their H-Series in the s, a little before they truly established themselves in America.

Manufacturing all sizes of excavation machinery, Komatsu excavators are for all kinds of projects. With mid-size excavators, large excavators, and surface mining excavators, you're sure to find a Komatsu excavator that will be right for the job. The largest Komatsu excavator is the PCLC-11 with an operating weight of 270,000 lbs, a reach of up to 56 feet, and a dig depth of 38 feet.

John Deere

John Deere established his company &#; named after himself &#; in . In the first John Deere excavator, the JD690, was introduced. Now, they make over 20 different kinds of excavators ranging in size, weight, and horsepower.

John Deere's largest excavator, the 870 P-Tier, allows for almost 37 feet of dig depth and weighs over 188,000 lbs. John Deere also manufactures compact excavators, another name for mini-excavators, mid-size excavators, and other large excavators.

Hitachi

Established in the early s in Japan, Hitachi didn't start manufacturing construction equipment until the s. Since then, Hitachi has become an innovator in heavy machinery and their excavators are no exception. Currently, Hitachi has 37 excavators on the market.

Hitachi excavators include all sizes of excavators ranging from their smallest non-mini excavator model, the ZX160LC-6, to their biggest excavator, the ZX890LC-6. These models have operating weights and dig depths of 39,000 lbs and 21 feet, and 186,511 lbs and 31 feet, respectively. Hitachi also manufactures mining excavators and mini excavators.

Hyundai

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Founded in South Korea in , Hyundai built their first excavators in , a 21-ton excavator and a 29-ton excavator. Now, the portfolio of Hyundai excavators includes 16 current models and 28 previous models. The smallest Hyundai excavator model currently, outside of their compact excavators, is the HX130A LCR with an operating weight of just under 15 tons. Their largest excavator is the HX900L with an operating weight of 103 tons.

Doosan

Creating its construction division in , Doosan has been producing excavators since . However, it wasn't until that Doosan excavators came to America. Doosan currently manufactures crawler excavators, wheeled excavators, and mini excavators. Between the crawler excavators and wheeled excavators, they have 18 products.

The smallest crawler Doosan makes is the DX140LC-7 with an operating weight of 16 tonnes (32,187 lbs) and a dig depth of just over 19 feet. The biggest Doosan excavator is the DX800LC-7 with an operating weight of 90 tonnes and a dig depth of over 27 feet.

Potential Hazards & Safety Protocols for Excavators

Operating any kind of heavy equipment could pose a safety hazard. It is important to always be careful and to only operate heavy equipment and digging machinery like excavators after receiving proper training. Being consistent and following safety protocols can help keep all excavation operations safe. Here are some ways to stay safe while operating an excavator:

Never dig under structures like sidewalks without proper support systems
Wear a hardhat, safety vest, ear protection, and protection
Never dig underneath an excavator
Maintain the cab by cleaning up garbage and maintaining clear windows
Avoid making sharp turns or sudden movements while operating an excavator
Always lower the bucket when parked and park on a level surface
Do not travel diagonally on slopes but directly up
Map out an excavator route that is as flat as possible
Never exceed the maximum weight capacity of an equipment piece
Lower the bucket closer to the ground when driving for visibility purposes
Check all blind spots before moving equipment
Make sure to report any safety hazards and have any needed repairs performed immediately
Always wear a seatbelt
Check site plans and call local utility companies before beginning to dig

The most important point to remember for any operation of heavy equipment is to only do so if training has been provided and it is safe to do so. There are also some tips and tricks online for special projects like operating an excavator on a slope. Always request training before agreeing to operate a piece of new machinery.

The History of the Excavator

The first machine to resemble an excavator was the steam shovel. An ancient dinosaur next to the modern excavator, this piece of equipment was a game-changer when it was invented by William Otis who in received a patent for the design. It was originally fitted on railway tracks to allow mobility.

The machine could move up to 300 cubic yards a day compared to the 12 cubic yards that could be moved by a man. This machine was used to build the Panama Canal and dig the foundations of early skyscrapers. The machine was used and updated into the s as tracked and wheeled equipment became more popular. In the last railroad shovel was shipped.

Much like with the bulldozer and other pieces of equipment, various pieces had to come together to create the excavator. Sir W.G. Armstrong & Co. was a British business that had developed the hydraulic system that would be used in the modern excavator.

Designed to use water instead of hydraulic fluid, this system was invented in . The first hydraulic shovel was patented by Kilgore Machine Co in Minnesota in and used the technology developed by Sir W.G. Armstrong & Co.

None of these excavators could rotate the full 360 degrees that exist now with the modern excavator. This didn&#;t happen until the s when a French company called Poclain invented an excavator with cylinders and a hydraulic pump. The TY45 made history as the first fully revolving hydraulic excavator.

The Excavator: FAQ

Can excavators be used for land clearing?

Excavators are one of the best land-clearing equipment rental options. They're great for clearing trees and moving heavy loads and their tracks make them great for uneven terrain. If you're looking to rent land-clearing equipment, excavators are a great choice.

What is the difference between an excavator vs a backhoe?

Excavators are larger machines that are used primarily for heavy-duty jobs like trenching, demolition, mining, and land clearing because they have longer arms and can dig deeper than a backhoe. Excavators also provide more digging functionality because they can turn on their cab a full 360 degrees.

Backhoes are smaller excavating machines that offer more versatility but are typically seen on smaller construction projects like residential, snow removal, or loading jobs because of their limited dig depth potential. Whether you pick between a backhoe vs an excavator is dependent on the size of the job.

How deep can an excavator dig?

The depth capacity of an excavator will depend on the size of the equipment. Some specific kinds of excavators &#; like a long-reach model &#; make it easier to dig deeper than possible with a regular excavator. Typically, the heavier the operating weight of the excavator the deeper it can dig but it's always worth reviewing the specifications of the equipment before use.

What is the proper digging position for an excavator?

The proper position for digging with an excavator will differ depending on the terrain, the size of the equipment, the location of the dig site, and the nature of the job.

The best way to set up a dig for success is to take the time to plan before starting. Organizing where the scoop pile will go and where to stage other needed materials will keep the dig safe once it is started. Reading site plans to identify underground hazards like wires or pipes will ensure the productivity and efficiency of a job. Take time to paint lines before digging to align the first dig.

All of these steps help to create a safe working environment which is the first step to proper digging with an excavator.

Can I rent an excavator?

Yes, excavators can be rented for use. You can search DOZR Marketplace for excavators of all sizes to find an excavator rental near you. Rentals are available by the day, week, or month depending on your project length and needs.

The cost to rent an excavator changes depending on the length of the rental and who the supplier is. You can view all prices and compare them in the DOZR search results.

How Does the Arm of an Excavator Work

With an expert excavator operator behind the controls, the fluid, fast, and precise movements of the excavator arm can be so perfectly performed and timed one might think the operator has simply grown a new arm themselves. But anyone who&#;s sat behind the controls knows it takes knowledge of how the machine works and skill in timing to efficiently control the arm.

To take a better look at how the arm works, how it's controlled, and how each part comes together to pull off its work, read on for a short exploration of how exactly an excavator arm performs its duties.

All the main parts of an excavator arm work together to create a perfect, fluid movement &#; a feat that combines smart engineering and operator skill. » Click video to play/pause animation.

What Makes an Excavator Arm Move?

An excavator arm consists primarily of a boom, stick, and attachment. A bucket is the most common attachment. Hydraulic cylinders are connected to segments of the arm and from the cab the operator extends and contracts the cylinders. This extending and contracting pivots parts of the arm at connection points to raise and lower the arm, extend it, or curl and uncurl the attachment (or bucket).

Sometimes only one cylinder or set of cylinders will be put to use to control the arm, but most commonly the operator will engage multiple cylinders simultaneously to perform more complex movements. By engaging the cylinders at different times and at different levels of force, the arm can be used to create fluid and precise movements.

For example, when trenching, the operator will contract the boom cylinders to lower the boom, extend the stick cylinder to extend the stick, and contract the bucket cylinder to uncurl the bucket with each cylinder working simultaneously to specific degrees. When the bucket contacts the ground, the operator will begin reversing the direction of each cylinder to create a scooping movement with the bucket.

By combining the movements of the arm with the pivoting ability of the excavator's upper house, the hydraulic cylinders on the arm allow the operator to dig to exact measurements, precisely place materials, spread materials, or even load waiting equipment.

An inside look at an excavator cab shows the joysticks and pedals the operator uses to operate the arm and transport the machine.

How Does an Operator Control an Excavator Arm?

Controlling an excavator arm is done though skillfully extending and contracting the cylinders at exact times and in exact orders. Inside the cab of an excavator, an operator will have a combination of joysticks at their sides, hand controls in front of them, and pedals on the floor. The arm is controlled by the joysticks while traveling can be done either through hand controls or by using the pedals. Using the joysticks, an operator will extend and contract the boom and stick and curl and uncurl the bucket, but also swing the entire house and arm in an infinite circle to position the arm.

Each joystick is sensitive to the amount of pressure applied to it and the cylinder will respond in kind to the amount of pressure by matching it with the speed at which it extends or contracts. This allows the operator to finely control how much movement each part is performing at specific times.

How the movements of each joystick control the action of the arms is determined by the control patterns assigned to the joysticks. In an excavator there are two common control patterns: ISO controls and SEA controls. In the most common pattern, ISO controls, the right joystick controls the movement of the boom and the bucket while the left joystick controls the movement of the stick and the swinging of the entire house and arm.

A parts diagram shows each part and how they connect to perform the complete duties of the excavator arm.

What Are the Parts of an Excavator Arm?

An excavator arm consists primarily of a boom, stick, and attachments. Hydraulic cylinders power the movements of the parts, pins bind parts together, and linkage attaches parts to one another in ways that allow for parts to pivot to perform actions. While not part of the arm, the entire hydraulic system is controlled by the main hydraulic pump and main hydraulic valve, located in the house of the machine, and connected to hydraulic cylinders through hydraulic lines throughout the arm and the entire machine.

Boom

The excavator&#;s boom is the largest of the main components of the arm. It is pinned directly to the house and pivots at that connection. This pivoting action allows the arm to rise and lower relative to the digging surface and also extend the reach of the arm or draw closer as it pivots.

View Excavator Booms

Stick

The excavator&#;s stick sits between the boom and the attachment and pivots at the connection to the boom. This pivoting action further allows the arm to position the attachment further or closer to the machine, as well as control the height of the bucket relative to the digging surface. By changing the angle of the stick the operator can position the bucket deeper than the tracks of the machine to dig or at a point high off the ground to load a machine or pile materials.

View Excavator Sticks

Attachment/Bucket

The attachment on an excavator is the tool at the far end of the arm. Increasingly, a wide range of attachments are used with excavators from attachments for clearing ground to attachments for hammering and breaking large rocks. The most common attachment is the bucket, but even excavator buckets can be as diverse as the materials they handle from teeth and side cutters for digging to thumbs to grab materials.

View Excavator Buckets

Boom Cylinders

Most commonly, two cylinders on each side of the machine will be attached at one end to the house and at the other to the boom. Extending and contracting the cylinders will rise and lower the boom and subsequently the entire arm.

View Boom Cylinders

Stick Cylinder

A stick cylinder attached to the boom and the stick and mounted at the top of the boom will rotate the stick as it pivots around its connection to the boom.

View Stick Cylinders

Bucket Cylinder

Unlike the other cylinders on the excavator arm, the bucket cylinder is connected to the bucket through linkage. By extending the bucket cylinder, the attachment will perform specific actions. In the case of a bucket, the bucket cylinder will control the loading and dumping of the bucket. Since the angle of the bucket can also be changed as the stick and boom are moved, holding a load with efficiency can require changing the angle of the bucket even after a digging motion has been completed.

View Bucket Cylinders

Linkage

The linkage on an excavator arm are heavy-duty connectors that help define and control the movements of the attachments. These parts link together the stick and attachment while also allowing the attachment to move in very specific ways.

View Linkage

What Are the Attachments for an Excavator Arm?

Increasingly, excavators on a worksite are viewed as tool handlers capable of taking on a wide range of roles beyond simple digging from leveling ground to boring post holes and more.

Some common excavator attachments are:

Quick Coupler

Instead of a standard attachment, a quick coupler is actually a connection point at the end of the arm that allows for the fast changing of other attachments. Buckets for specific jobs, forks for lifting, or other work-specific attachments can be swapped in minutes using a quick coupler.

Tiltrotator

Like a quick coupler, a tiltrotator isn&#;t a standard attachment, instead a tiltrotator extends the functionality of an excavator by introducing an additional point of control for the operator. Like a hydraulic wrist at the end of the arm, the tiltrotator allows the attachment to rotate and tilt without needing the machine to move. Digging a trench perpendicular to the cab with a bucket or delicately placing materials in exact positions with a grapple are new possibilities offered by a tiltrotator.

Thumb

A thumb on an excavator works with a bucket to provide a grappling device opposite the bucket to capture and better secure the object the bucket is lifting. Large stones, logs, or other oddly shaped materials can be held by the bucket and thumb as they are moved by the arm.

Hammers/Breakers

Hammers mounted to the end of an excavator arm transform an excavator into mobile rock breakers. Large rocks and boulders can be attacked from different angles and split and cleared from worksites using these specialized tools.

Cutters

Especially common in demolition, cutters act as hydraulically powered jaws to slice through a building or other large object quickly and precisely. When combined with tilting abilities the pinching power of cutters can be used for swift demolition and, at the control of a capable operator, even onsite sorting like pulling rebar from concrete while a structure is being demolished.

Whether you&#;re an expert excavator operator just enjoying a little excavator animation or an inquisitive construction equipment reader, hopefully you&#;ve found our information on excavator arms interesting and fun. An excavator is a common machine at worksites and seeing it in action makes clear that its design &#; at the hands of a good operator &#; is the reason why it is so often an indispensable resource.

If you&#;ve arrived here in search of an excavator part for your arm (or anywhere on your machine), give us a call or fill out our form. As a top salvager of excavators, our inventory is hard to match and with the expert parts knowledge of our Parts Specialists and robust connections to parts suppliers around North America, often the fastest path to your solution is a quick call to our team.

Excavator Arm Image Gallery

A coupler mounted to this excavator arm allows the operator to change attachments. The arm on this Caterpillar excavator has been fully collapsed down with the bucket tucked into the machine for storage. An excavator is often paired with other construction equipment making decisions about the length of the arm compared to the height of the trucks it will load a strategic decision when searching for an excavator.

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