Cars and Light-Trucks are Going Zero

Visit the Advanced Clean Cars II website for more information on the regulations.    

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ZERO-EMISSION VEHICLES AND THE ADVANCED CLEAN CARS REGULATIONS

Understanding Zero-Emission Vehicles

Zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and fuel cell electric vehicles as per the Zero-emission Vehicle regulation. For more about these vehicles and the incentives to purchase or lease them, visit DriveClean.ca.gov.

California's Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandates

California's zero-emission vehicle requirements are a segment of the Advanced Clean Cars Regulations. These regulations bundle several emission controls, including Low-emission Vehicle criteria, greenhouse gas standards, and the Zero-emission Vehicle rules. Originally adopted in 2012, the Advanced Clean Cars I saw an update with the Advanced Clean Cars II in 2022. According to these updated regulations, by 2035, all new passenger cars, trucks, and SUVs sold in California must be zero-emission vehicles. Future amendments to these rules, focusing on greenhouse gas emission standards and refinements in low-emission and zero-emission vehicle regulations, are expected to be proposed to the Board in summer 2025.

Legacy Gasoline Cars Post-2035

Gasoline-powered cars will still be permissible on California roads post-2035. They can be driven, registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles, and sold as used vehicles within the state.

California's Progress Toward Zero-Emission Goals

Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) sales are booming in California. The year 2023 saw a record purchase of nearly 450,000 new ZEVs, a 30% rise from 2022. ZEVs accounted for 25% of new vehicle sales, exceeding projections by two years. With these figures, automakers are on track to meet the Advanced Clean Cars II goal of 35% zero-emission vehicle sales by 2026. For quarterly sales data in California, refer to the Veloz Electric Vehicle Market Report.

Zero-Emission Vehicle Options in 2035

By 2035, all current vehicle body styles, including pick-up trucks, crossovers, and SUVs, will be available in zero-emission versions. Presently, more than 100 different makes and models of battery-electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles are on the market, a number expected to grow. Check the Veloz EV Market Report for an updated list of available makes and models, and to shop for zero-emission vehicles, visit DriveClean.ca.gov.

Affordability of Zero-Emission Vehicles

With declining battery costs, battery-electric vehicle prices are expected to align with conventional combustion vehicle prices. Consumer Reports recently highlighted that owning a battery electric vehicle can save consumers thousands of dollars over the vehicle's lifetime, including up to $4,700 in fuel costs within the first seven years.

Incentives for Zero Emission Vehicles

There are numerous incentive programs available to offset the higher initial costs of zero-emission vehicles. Visit Driveclean.ca.gov/search-incentives for a comprehensive list of incentives.

Supporting All Californians Transitioning to Zero-Emission Vehicles

California employs a multi-faceted approach to ensure an equitable shift towards zero-emission vehicles. Programs include increased incentives for new and used zero-emission vehicles, assurance measures for used car functionality, and targeted equity actions from private industries.

A portion of the state's investment is allocated towards low-income consumer incentives, affordable and convenient infrastructure in low-income neighborhoods, and community-based transportation equity projects, enhancing zero-emission mobility access in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Zero-Emission Vehicles for Comprehensive Travel Needs

Modern battery electric vehicles usually offer ranges exceeding 200 miles, sufficient for most daily driving needs. Additionally, public DC Fast chargers are increasingly accessible throughout California and the U.S., allowing a 30-minute charge for extended travel. Vehicles like hydrogen fuel cell electric cars, which can be refueled swiftly, present another viable option. For more information on zero-emission vehicle fueling, visit DriveClean.ca.gov.

Zero-Emission Pickup Trucks for Sale

Zero-emission pickup trucks, such as the Rivian electric pick-up and the Ford F-150 Lightning, are already available in California, with more on the way. These vehicles offer features similar to current pickup trucks, including 4WD and towing capacity, along with added benefits like powerful torque and the ability to power your home directly. For more information, visit DriveClean.ca.gov.

Zero-Emission Vehicles for Outdoor Adventures

Zero-emission pickups, SUVs, and hatchbacks with 2WD and 4WD options are available, addressing the needs of campers and adventure seekers. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles also provide alternatives for extended backwoods adventures.

Electric Vehicle Performance in Extreme Climates

Electric vehicles (EVs) can function efficiently in both extreme heat and cold. Although cold weather can reduce range, modern long-range EVs and thermal management innovations mitigate these effects. EVs remain popular and functional in cold regions like the Northeast U.S. and Norway, where electric vehicles account for over 70% of car sales.

Electric Vehicles on Steep Terrains

Electric vehicles are engineered to perform on par with or better than gasoline vehicles on steep inclines, thanks to their high torque for quick acceleration. Regenerative braking in EVs also helps recharge the battery during downhill driving, enhancing overall range.

Addressing Concerns About Electric Vehicle Fires

Despite common misconceptions, electric vehicle fires are rare and less frequent than those in gasoline vehicles. Reports have shown significantly fewer instances of electric vehicle fires compared to gasoline vehicles, establishing EVs as safe options.

Environmental Benefits of Zero-Emission Vehicles

Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, notably reducing air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Even when considering electricity generation, EVs are cleaner than traditional gas cars. The U.S. Department of Energy's Beyond Tailpipe Calculator helps estimate total greenhouse gas emissions for EVs and plug-in hybrids, considering regional electricity sources.

Zero-Emission Vehicle Battery Lifecycle

Used zero-emission vehicle batteries can be refurbished, recycled, or used in secondary applications like backup power for homes or large buildings, reducing the demand for new materials. Advanced Clean Cars II regulations also mandate informational labels on vehicle batteries to ensure sustainable end-of-life management.

Recycling Zero-Emission Vehicle Batteries

Battery recycling is evolving, with new industries focusing on reclaiming valuable materials for reuse and promoting a closed-loop production process. These efforts aim to reduce the need for additional mining of critical materials.

Battery Warranties for Zero-Emission Vehicles

Automakers typically offer battery warranties of at least 8 years/100,000 miles. Although not currently mandated, future regulations will enforce this warranty standard, ensuring durability and secondary market protection for zero-emission vehicles.

Buying a Used Electric Vehicle

Purchasing a used battery-electric vehicle is a cost-effective option. Starting with the 2026 model year, regulations will mandate an 8-year/100,000-mile battery warranty, ensuring maintained electric range. Incentives also exist for used electric vehicles—visit driveclean.ca.gov/incentives for more details.

CHARGING and ELECTRICITY

Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging and Hydrogen Fueling Stations

California is rapidly expanding its network of electric vehicle charging and hydrogen fueling stations through policy support, investments, and regulatory advancements to ensure convenient access for all drivers. Governor Newsom's substantial funding allocation aims to make zero-emission vehicles both affordable and convenient, supporting robust infrastructure development.

The California Energy Commission (CEC)'s Clean Transportation Program promotes infrastructure deployment, leveraging public and private funds. Current analyses aim to address infrastructure gaps and ensure equitable distribution, helping to efficiently integrate electric vehicle loads into the grid.

Home Charging Installation Costs and Ease

Charging an electric car at home can be straightforward. Using a standard 110-Volt plug (Level 1), you can gain 3-6 miles of range per hour. For faster charging, a Level 2 home charger can provide 14-35 miles per hour. New regulations will require electric vehicles to include a convenience cord supporting both Level 1 and 2 charging, reducing home charging costs. For equipment and incentives, visit the Electric For All Home Charging Advisor.

Charging Solutions for Apartment and Condo Residents

California is enhancing public charging networks, providing property owner incentives to install charging equipment, and updating building codes for faster deployment of EV stations. Additional resources exist for discussing EV station installations with building owners or homeowners associations.

Cost of Charging Battery Electric Vehicles

Charging an electric car typically costs half as much as refueling a gas-powered vehicle, depending on battery size and local electricity prices. Special time-of-use rates from electric utilities can further reduce costs by offering lower prices during off-peak hours. For more details, visit DriveClean.ca.gov.

Electric Grid Capacity for Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles are projected to add minimal demand to California's electrical grid over the next decade. By implementing management strategies like time-of-use rates, the state can shift EV charging to non-peak hours, preventing grid overloads and leveraging solar energy. In the future, EV batteries could even support the grid during peak demand periods.

Electric Vehicles and Power Outages

A reliable electric grid is crucial for both gasoline and electric vehicle fueling. During power outages, both types of fueling stations cease to function without backup systems. Integrating stationary storage, batteries, and on-site generation can ensure continuity for EV charging stations.

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLES

State Support for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

California recognizes the complementary roles of battery-electric and fuel cell electric vehicles in achieving climate goals. Fuel cell vehicles, with their longer range and quicker refueling, suit drivers with extensive commutes and those without charging access at home or work. They also offer advantages for heavier vehicles and towing needs.

Future Availability of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Stations

Yes. As of early 2024, 68 public hydrogen stations were operational, with up to 176 more planned by 2026 through a mix of public and private funding. By 2030, California aims to exceed 200 stations. Collaborative efforts among state, local agencies, and the federal government are key in expanding hydrogen infrastructure. While state support continues, opportunities are being explored for industry self-sufficiency. For the latest on fuel cell vehicle deployments and station network development, refer to the Annual Evaluation of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Deployment & Hydrogen Fuel Station Network Development report.

Safety of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Fueling

Both fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fueling stations meet stringent safety standards. Safety concerns are addressed through advanced technology, rigorous codes, and best operational practices. These efforts are bolstered by collaborations with the Center for Hydrogen Safety, ensuring robust safety evaluations and implementations.

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